Caudal ketamine has been shown to provide an effective and prolonged post-operative analgesia\nwith few adverse effects. However, the effect of caudal ketamine on the minimum local anesthetic concentration\n(MLAC) of ropivacaine for intra-operative analgesia is unclear.\nMethods: One hundred and sixty-nine children were randomized to five groups: Group C (caudal ropivacaine only),\nGroup K0.25 (caudal ropivacaine plus 0.25 mg/kg ketamine), Group K0.5 (caudal ropivacaine plus 0.5 mg/kg ketamine),\nGroup K0.75 (caudal ropivacaine plus 0.75 mg/kg ketamine), and Group K1.0 (caudal ropivacaine plus 1.0 mg/kg\nketamine). The primary outcome was the MLAC values of ropivacaine with/without ketamine for caudal block...........
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